Audits, External

Related Terms: Audits, Internal; Accounting Methods

An audit is a systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating the accounts or financial records of a governmental, business, or other entity. Whereas some businesses rely on audits conducted by employees—these are called internal audits—others utilize external or independent auditors to handle this task (some businesses rely on both types of audits in some combination).

External auditors are authorized by law to examine and publicly issue an opinion on the reliability of corporate financial reports. Dennis Applegate describes the history of the external audits in an article appearing in the magazine Internal Auditor as follows. "The U.S. Congress shaped the external auditing profession and created its primary audit objective with the passage of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This combined legislation requires independent financial audits of all firms whose capital stock is bought and sold in open markets. Its purpose, in part, is to ensure that the financial status and operating performance of publicly traded companies are fairly presented and disclosed." Firms not obliged by law to perform external audits often contract for such accounting services nonetheless. Smaller businesses, for example, that do not have the resources or inclination to maintain internal audit systems will often have external audits done on a regular basis as a sort of safeguard against errors or fraud.

The primary goal of external auditing is to determine the extent to which the organization adheres to managerial policies, procedures, and requirements. The independent or external auditor is not an employee of the organization. He or she performs an examination with the objective of issuing a report containing an opinion on a client's financial statements. The attest function of external auditing refers to the auditor's expression of an opinion on a company's financial statements. The typical independent audit leads to an attestation regarding the fairness and dependability of the statements. This is communicated to the officials of the audited entity in the form of a written report accompanying the statements (an oral presentation of findings may sometimes be requested as well). During the course of an audit study, the external auditor also becomes well-acquainted with the virtues and flaws of the client's accounting procedures. As a result, the auditor's final report to management often includes recommendations on methodologies of improving internal controls that are in place.

Major types of audits conducted by external auditors include the financial statements audit, the operational audit, and the compliance audit. A financial statement audit (or attest audit) examines financial statements, records, and related operations to ascertain adherence to generally accepted accounting principles. An operational audit examines an organization's activities in order to assess performances and develop recommendations for improvements, or further action. Auditors perform statutory audits which are performed to comply with the requirements of a governing body, such as a federal, state, or city government or agency. A compliance audit has as its objective the determination of whether an organization is following established procedures or rules.

The rules that must be followed by publicly traded companies changed in 2002 with the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This act came about in the wake of the 2001 bankruptcy filing by Enron, and subsequent revelations about fraudulent accounting practices within the company. Enron was only the first in a string of high-profile bankruptcies. Serious allegations of accounting fraud followed and extended beyond the bankrupt firms to their accounting firms. The legislature acted quickly to fortify financial reporting requirements and stem the decline in confidence that resulted from the wave of bankruptcies.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is a wide-reaching and complex law that imposes heavy reporting requirements on all publicly traded companies. Meeting the requirements of this law has increased the workload of auditing firms. In particular, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that a company's annual report include an official write-up by management about the effectiveness of the company's internal controls. The section also requires that outside auditors attest to management's report on internal controls. An external audit is required in order to attest to the management report.

INDEPENDENT AUDITING STANDARDS

The auditing process is based on standards, concepts, procedures, and reporting practices that are primarily imposed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). The auditing process relies on evidence, analysis, conventions, and informed professional judgment. General standards are brief statements relating to such matters as training, independence, and professional care. AICPA general standards declare that:

• External audits should be performed by a person or persons having adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor.
• The auditor or auditors maintain complete independence in all matters relating to the assignment.
• The independent auditor or auditors should make sure that all aspects of the examination and the preparation of the audit report are carried out with a high standard of professionalism.

Standards of fieldwork provide basic planning standards to be followed during audits. The AICPA's standards for fieldwork stipulate that:

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