Obama proposes a bevy of income tax cuts and credits for middle- and working-class individuals, while repealing the Bush tax cuts for individuals making more than $200,000 (or couples making more than $250,000). He would also raise other taxes, including on capital gains and dividend income, that largely affect the wealthiest Americans. Big businesses would find it harder to shelter income in tax havens and lose other loopholes, but start-ups would be exempt from capital gains taxes. Obama also proposes unspecified investment incentives for small businesses and new farmers (according to the Tax Policy Center), and reducing the self-employment tax. All firms would be encouraged to invest in R&D.